Certificate In Management

Gain effective and essential management skills with a Certificate in Management. Understand the business functions so that you can undertake your role as a business manager effectively and successfully.

Course Code: VBS004
Fee Code: CT
Duration (approx) Duration (approx) 600 hours
Qualification Certificate
Get started!

Learn to Manage Organisations, People, Things!

Capable and Effective Managers are always in short supply

 

If you know how to organise people and/or resources to be efficient and productive; you will never be short of opportunities.

Not everyone is suited to be a manager; but management skills will help you in any career.

Graduates may seek positions such as:
  • Small Business Manager
  • Regional Office or Branch Manager
  • Marketing, Personnel or Production Manager
  • Departmental manager or Section head within a larger organisation
  • Self Employed Business Owner/Manager

Modules

Core ModulesThese modules provide foundation knowledge for the Certificate In Management.
 Management VBS105
 Project Management BBS201
 
Elective ModulesIn addition to the core modules, students study any 4 of the following 10 modules.
 Bookkeeping Foundations (Bookkeeping I) BBS103
 Industrial Psychology BPS103
 Motivation VBS111
 Supervision VBS104
 Bookkeeping Applications (Bookkeeping II) BBS203
 Conflict Management BPS201
 Ethics BPS217
 Information Security BIT203
 Operations Management VBS201
 Business Planning BBS302
 

Note that each module in the Certificate In Management is a short course in its own right, and may be studied separately.


How has Management Changed?

Priorities keep changing in the world of management.

In the early 20th century, the emphasis on industrial relations surged, and in the late 20th century the emphasis on quality control and environmental management grew.

Different individual managers and different organisations and companies will give different levels of emphasis to different components - some are holistic, others are more focused on profit, yet others are more concerned about the collective good of building community capacity. One manager will give a very high priority to care for their staff; while another cares far more for the business or their own profile and career progression within the business/organisation.
 
Theories on management and methods have changed through history, with different theorists emphasising a range of aspects of leaders in the field. Background knowledge of management theory assists managers in their work, approaches and perspectives. You can learn from the experiences of others and be flexible in incorporating a blend of your own ideas, and the ideas of management theorists in your management situation. Some of the leaders over time have included Fayol, Mayo and Hawthorne, Taylor, Webber, Tom Peters, Eminent psychologist Maslow, and Edward de Bono.

Early management theories in the late 1800’s espoused specifying and measuring all the organisational tasks and standardising them as much as possible - working also on a basic premise of rewarding and punishing workers. This set up worked well generally for production line and assembly work. Later methods by Webber involved setting up a strong hierarchy and line management of authority and control with standardised operating procedures and methods.  Later humanist theories concentrated on the workers, looking at the strengths of individuals and their capabilities and focusing on behavioural theories. Discovering the needs of the workers and the needs of the company and endeavouring to match them was the aim. Theory X and Y arose in this system and the work of psychologist Maslow concentration on the five essential needs of every human in order for them to function to their optimum played and still plays an important role in many workplaces. 

More recent theories include the Contingency theory, Systems theory and Chaos theory. Contingency theory is based on managers looking at all the aspects of the current situation and making a decision based on all those key aspects and developing a leadership style to suit the situation.  The Systems theory looks at inputs, processes, outcomes and outputs - and how change in one affects the others and how they are inter meshed in the big picture goal or outcome success. The Chaos theory is concerned with complex and unpredictable results - changing one aspect will alter the others as they are all interrelated in systems that are sensitive to their initial conditions.  Very small occurrences, changes, or points not considered can produce unpredictable sometimes drastic results, triggering a series of increasingly significant effects.
 
Management is an art that requires experience and knowledge. Trial and error - applying concepts and learning from it - is one of the best ways to develop management skills.


COURSE STRUCTURE

This course is made of up 6 modules: two core modules and 4 elective modules.

To obtain the Certificate in Management, you must successfully complete all assignments and pass an exam in each of six modules.
 
CORE MODULES 
 
Management
There are 6 lessons as follows:

  1. Introduction and Organizational Structures

  2. Management Theories & Procedures

  3. Problem Solving & Decision Making

  4. Management Styles & External Influences

  5. Employing People & Interview Skills

  6. Staff Management

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school's tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.

On successful completion of the course you should be able to do the following:

  • Explain the role of managers in an organization and the kinds of organizations in which they function.

  • Identify the processes and procedures that are associated with the effective management of staff in the workplace.

  • Describe the use of motivation in the workplace and the effects this can have on staff performance.

  • Describe how to recruit and interview a new staff member for a specific job in an organisation.

  • Discuss work group project preparation, costing, performance analysis and goal completion from a managerial perspective.

  • Describe the principles of Occupational Health and Safety policies, and their application in your industry sector.


Project Management
Project Management is an invaluable tool used in all industries, and in all sorts of situations. It is relevant to a diverse range of projects, including technical, human resources, marketing, and more.
This is a compressed version of a much longer course, so it is highly informative, and great value for money.
It was developed by highly qualified professionals, with years of experience in their respective fields.

There are nine lessons as follows:

  1. Introduction: Understanding what project management is, and what its applications might be.

  2. Project Identification: Identification and defining projects which need management.

  3. Project Planning: Developing a strategy and framework for the plan.

  4. Project Implementation: Managers duties during implementation, developing a Preparation Control Chart,
    Regulating implementation.

  5. Project Completion & Evaluation: Dangers in this stage, Steps in Project completion, Declaring a project sustainable, Developing an evaluation method.

  6. Technical Project Management Skills:  Preparing a proposal, budget control/management, steps in drawing up a post project appraisal.

  7. Leadership Skills: Styles of leadership, leadership principles and methods.

  8. Improving Key Personnel Skills: Listening skills, Negotiation skills, Conflict management.

  9. Major Assignment: Developing full documentation for a project.

 

ELECTIVE MODULES

(Choose 4 from the list below)

Motivation
 
This course contains eight lessons, as follows:
1. Introduction
2. Awareness
3. Tangible Rewards
4. Intangible Rewards
5. Negative Motivators
6. Initiating Motivation
7. Maintaining Motivation
8. Applications

Supervision 1
There are 10 lessons as follows:
1. Introduction - Organisational structures & responsibilities.
2. Understanding the work place - Government and private personnel departments, unions.
3. Communications and human relations.
4. Motivating employees.
5. Organising the work place.
6. Problem solving techniques.
7. Discipline, complaints and grievances.
8. Interviewing, recruitment, training.
9. Work place safety.
10. Dealing with management/worker participation/ report writing/ staff meetings.

 
Industrial Psychology
There are ten lessons in this course, as follows:
1. Introduction
2. Understanding the Employees
3. Personality & Temperament
4. Psychological Testing
5. Management & Managers
6. The Work Environment
7. Motivation and Incentives
8. Recruitment Ways of seeking applicants
9. Social Considerations Group Behaviour
10. Abnormalities and Disorders Psychosis

Conflict Management
There are eight lessons in this course, as follows:
1. Conflict Management and Anger
2. Listening
3. Negotiation
4. Mediation
5. Facilitation
6. Balance of Power
7. Discussion and Group Work
8. Crisis Analysis and Responses
 

Bookkeeping Foundations
There are 13 lessons as follows:
1. Introduction
2. Balance Sheet
3. Analysing and Designing Accounting Systems
4. The Double Entry Recording Process
5. Cash Receipts and Cash Payments Journal
6. Credit Fees and Purchases Journal
7. The General Journal
8. Closing the Ledger
9. Profit and Loss Statement
10. Depreciation on Non-current Assets
11. Profit Determination and Balance Day Adjustments
12. Cash Control: Bank Reconciliation and Petty Cash
13. Cash Control: Budgeting

Bookkeeping Applications
There are 12 lessons as follows:
1. Trading firms and accounting rules
2. Physical Inventory System
3. Perpetual Inventory System
4. Inventory Valuation
5. Accounting for bad and doubtful debts
6. Classified Profit and Loss Statements for trading firms
7. Control Accounts
8. Budgeting for Trading Firms
9. Statement of Cash Flows
10. Alternatives in Accounting
11. Analysis and Interpretation of Accounting Reports
12. Business Expansions and Sources of Finance

Business Planning
There are 11 lessons as follows: 1. Introduction to Business Planning – The business plan, strategic and operational planning, feasibility studies, the executive summary.
2. Focus and Direction – Deciding on direction, visualising future business directions, vision and mission statements
3. Legal and Administrative Requirements – Legal structure of a business, business names, taxation, regulations, licenses and permits, types of business ownership
4. Developing Objectives and Strategies – Setting goals and objectives, SWOT and GAP analyses, strategies for achieving objectives
5. Planning for Growth – Planned as opposed to runaway growth, subcontracting, franchising, licensing, the growth plan
6. Risk Management and Contingencies – Approaches to risk management, identifying business risks
7. Systems – System components, the quality audit, benchmarking, business plans as a mechanism of control
8. Marketing Plans – The definition of marketing, marketing requirements, the marketing process, market research, implications of unplanned marketing
9. Operation Plans – Control of business operations, writing an operation plan
10. Human Resource Plans – The value of human resources, occupational health and safety, skills and competencies of different staff
11. Financial Plans – The importance of financial planning, establishment costs and start up capital, cash flow forecasts, profit and loss statements

 

GOOD MANAGERS LEARN TO SEE BEYOND JUST WHAT IS OBVIOUS

This course and our academic staff are all about helping you do just this, and in doing so, we'll move you toward developing unique and very practical managerial skills. You can't always depend upon just what you hear or read. Consider "Non-Verbal Behaviour
Non-verbal behaviour is a form of communication we use without words. It may be that we nod or shake our head, how we use our eye brows, move our body and so on.

It is estimated that:

  • 55% of what we communicate is through non-verbal communication
  • 8% is through words or ideas
  • 37% is through our voice

We don’t know exactly, but studies show that between 65% - 95% of a message can be shown non-verbally.  There is little agreement on where the boundary between verbal and non-verbal communication can be drawn.  This is especially so for non-word utterances such as clearing our throat.

Non-verbal behaviour can help us to develop a rapport with another person or it can have the opposite effect.  Some examples -

  • Matching a person’s non-verbal behaviour can show we are interested. But if the person adopts a defensive posture, such as folding their arms and crossing their legs, then you may wish to maintain a more open posture that signifies openness toward the person.
  • Physical proximity (leaning forward towards one another represents involvement, whereas slouching back represents disinterest or boredom)
  • Use of movement
  • Facial expression
  • Eye contact
  • Posture
  • Physiological responses (e.g. crying, sweating, trembling, shaking)

As with other cultural factors, non-verbal communication can be interpreted by the recipient of the message.  The interpretation and recognition of non-verbal messages can be subconscious and misleading in intercultural situations.

There are two main types of non-verbal communication: –

  • Active behaviour – consciously controlled.
  • Passive behaviour – unconsciously displayed. 

Other categories of non-verbal communication include: -

Kinesics is nonverbal behaviour related to movement of part or the whole body.  It is the most obvious form of nonverbal communication, but it can be the most confusing as it can have various meanings.  
 
Kinesics can be subdivided into five categories: –

  • Regulators    These are non-verbal signs that regulate and maintain the flow of speech in a conversation, such as nodding your head, eye movements and so on.  They give feedback that the person has understood a message, but may be confusing.
  • Emblems    Nonverbal messages that have a verbal counterpart.  For example, in Britain putting the forefinger and middle finger erect can mean victory if your hand is one way round, or an insult if the hand is another way round.  In America, it may just mean the number 2.  In Australia, it may be seen as insulting.
  • Adapters    These include posture changes, movements at a low level of awareness to make us feel more comfortable.  
  • Illustrators    These are less linked to specific words, but consciously illustrate what is being said.  For example, holding your hands wide apart shows that something is big.  However, use of illustrators depends on cultures.  Some cultures will use more illustrators than others.
  • Affective Displays    These are body or facial movements that display a certain emotion. For example, showing anger.  They can be subconscious, so this can be bewildering across different cultures. 

Oculesics – This is the way the eyes are used during communication. This can be maintaining or avoiding eye contact.   Oculesic movements are also associated with kinesic movements. For example, raising your eyebrow when looking at another person.  Use of oculesics will again depend on culture. Lowering a gaze in some cultures may convey respect, but in others may be insulting.  Length of eye contact is also different across cultures. In some cultures extended eye contact may be thought rude.  

Haptics is touching behaviour.  Touching can occur in different circumstances during a conversation.  Some cultures touch a lot, whilst in other cultures, it may make people feel uncomfortable. Haptics can be hostile (hitting, kicking) or show the degree of intimacy.  Such as whether a relationship is professional, polite, warm, loving or sexual.  In a counselling situation, it will be important for the person to maintain a physical distance to avoid any misunderstandings in relation to physical contact.

Proxemics is our personal space and how it is structured. Personal space is the distance away from other persons and is a powerful non-verbal tool.  The further an angry person is away from us, the less threatening we may perceive them to be, for example.  If an angry person gets closer, the expression of anger may seem more threatening.

Use of Voice - When we speak it is not just what we say that conveys a message, but also how we say it.

When seeking to create an empathic relationship it is important to bear in mind the effects of:

  • Tone of voice (this can convey happiness, sadness, anxiety and so on)
  • Clarity and volume (people may speak less clearly and more quietly about issues of concern, and loudly when expressing anger and so on)
  • Speed (some people may rush through topics that are distressing to them or if they are nervous, which they may be in a job interview)
  • Word spacing, pauses and emphases also offer valuable clues as to what is of importance to the person.
  • It is perhaps most important in the creation of an empathic relationship to try to match the response of the client.  That is, if the person talks fast, the interviewer talks slightly faster.  Going against the person may only serve to upset them and make them feel that you are against them, rather than on their side.  By doing this you can eventually dictate the pace by convincing the person that you are there for them. 

 

AFTER YOU FINISH THIS COURSE

As a graduate, you will have an enhanced perspective on management. Learning to be a manager the way we teach it, is far more than just absorbing and remembering a collection of factual information.

We believe that good managers need to be connected to the real world, observing, noticing and reacting to the constant changes that are happening all around. We have developed this course to develop good habits with respect to management, to foster an ability to look ahead and think outside of the box always seeing possibilities in front of you and having contingency plans in mind before you need to act.

Graduates will have knowledge and tools to better foresee decisions that need to be made, well before crunch time requires action to be taken.

Member of Study Gold Coast Education Network.
Member of Study Gold Coast Education Network.
ACS Global Partner - Affiliated with colleges in seven countries around the world.
ACS Global Partner - Affiliated with colleges in seven countries around the world.
Since 1999 ACS has been a recognised member of IARC (International Approval and Registration Centre). A non-profit quality management organisation servicing education.
Since 1999 ACS has been a recognised member of IARC (International Approval and Registration Centre). A non-profit quality management organisation servicing education.

How can I start this course?

You can enrol at anytime and start the course when you are ready. Enrolments are accepted all year - students can commence study at any time. All study is self paced and ACS does not set assignment deadlines.

Please note that if a student is being assisted by someone else (e.g. an employer or government subsidy), the body offering the assistance may set deadlines. Students in such situations are advised to check with their sponsor prior to enrolling. The nominal duration of a course is approximately how long a course takes to complete. A course with a nominal duration of 100 hours is expected to take roughly 100 hours of study time to complete. However, this will vary from student to student. Short courses (eg. 100 hrs duration) should be completed within 12 months of enrolment. Certificates, Advanced Certificates and Awards (eg. over 500 hours duration) would normally be completed within 3 -5 years of enrolment. Additional fees may apply if a student requires an extended period to complete.
If a student cannot submit their assignments for 6 months to ACS, they should advise the school to avoid cancellation of their student
registration. Recommencement fees may apply.

Simply click on the ENROL OPTIONS button at the top of this screen and follow the prompts.

You can see the course price at the top of this page. Click 'enrolment options' to see any payment options available.

You can pay by Credit Card, PayPal, Afterpay or bank transfer.

Yes! We have payment plans for most courses. Click 'enrolment options' to see the available payment plans.
We also have Afterpay that will allow you to pay for your course or payment plans in four instalments (if you are in Australia).


What do I need to know before I enrol?

There are no entry requirements that you need to meet to enrol in our courses, our courses are for everyone.
If you are under 18, we need written permission from your parent/ guardian for your enrolment to continue, we can arrange that after you have enrolled.

You don’t need to purchase any additional resources to complete our courses.

We aim to teach you the essentials without you having to purchase any specific computer program.
We recommend that you have access to a word processing program, such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs, so that you can easily complete and submit your assignments.

You sure can. We are here to help you learn whatever your abilities.

Yes, if you are enrolling in a Certificate or Advanced Certificate, you might be eligible for credits if you have evidence of your previous studies or relevant experience. More information is here.

We recommend that you are able to browse websites, send emails and conduct online research. You will need to be able to type and submit your assignments.
If you have limited computer skills, we can make special arrangements for you.

This is possible, it depends on the institution. We recommend that if you would like to use our courses that you contact the institution first. Our Course Handbook is a good resource for this.

Our courses are written in English and we only have English speaking academic staff. If you can read and complete your assignments in English, our courses are ideal for you.

Our courses are designed to build knowledge, hands on skills and industry connections to help prepare you to work in the area, running your own business, professional development or as a base for further study.

This course is aimed at providing you with a solid understanding in your selected discipline. It has been designed to take 600 hours, which includes your course reading, assignment work, research, practical tasks, watching videos and more. When you complete the course, will have a good understanding of the area/ industry you want to work in.

It’s up to you. The study hours listed in the course are a rough guide, however if you were to study a short course (100 hours) at 10 hours per week, you could finish the course in 10 weeks (just an example). Our courses are self-paced, so you can work through the courses in your own time. We recommend that you wait for your tutor to mark and return your assignment before your start your next one, so you get the benefits of their feedback.

The course consists of course notes, videos, set tasks for your practical work, online quizzes, an assignment for each lesson (that you receive feedback from your tutor from) and ends in an exam (which is optional, if would like to receive the formal award at the end), using our custom built Learning Management System - Login.Training.

Our courses are designed for adults to gain professional development and skills to further their careers and start businesses.

Our custom online learning portal allows you to conduct your learning online. There may be practical tasks that you can do offline. You have the option of downloading your course notes or print them to read later.

There is also the option to pay an additional fee for printed course notes and or USB (availability limited to location and deliverability).

Yes, if you don’t have access to the internet, you can receive the course as paper notes or on a USB stick for an additional fee. We can also make alternative arrangements for you to send your assignments to us.

We offer printed notes for an additional fee. Also, you can request your course notes on a USB stick for an additional fee.

Yes, your tutor is here to help you. Simply post any questions you have in your login.training portal or contact the office and we can pass on a message to your tutor.

We are more learning focussed, rather than assessment focussed. You have online quizzes to test your learning, written assignments and can complete an exam at the end of the course (if you want to receive your certificate). You will not receive a pass/ fail on your course work. If you need to add more details on your assignment, we will ask you to resubmit and direct you where you need to focus. If you need help, you can ask your tutor for advice in the student room.

Each module (short course) is completed with one exam.

Exams are optional, however you must sit an exam if you would like to receive a formal award. You will need to find someone who can supervise that you are sitting the exams under exams conditions. There is an additional cost of $60 incl. GST for each exam.
More information is here

There are practical components built into the course that have been designed to be achieved by anyone, anywhere. If you are unable to complete a task for any reason, you can ask your tutor for an alternative.

When you complete the course work and the exams (6 exams) and you will be able receive your course certificate- a Certificate. Otherwise, you can receive a Letter of Completion.

You can bundle the short courses to create your own customised learning bundle, Certificates or Advanced Certificates. More information is on this page.

Yes, our courses are built to be applicable for people living anywhere in any situation. We provide the fundamentals, and each student can apply their own unique flair for their own interests, region and circumstances with the one-on-one guidance of a tutor. There is also a bit of student directed research involved.

Employers value candidates with industry skills, knowledge, practical skills and formal learning. Our courses arm you with all of these things to help prepare you for a job or start your own business. The longer you study the more you will learn.

ACS has an arrangement with OAMPS (formerly AMP) who can arrange Professional Indemnity from Australian and New Zealand graduates across all disciplines. Ph: 1800 222 012 or email acs@oamps.com.au.


Who are ACS Distance Education?

ACS Distance Education have been educating people for over 40 years.

We are established and safe- we have been in education for over 40 years.
We are focused on developing innovative courses that are relevant to you now and what you will need to know in the future.
We are focused on helping you learn and make the most of your experience.
You can enrol at any time, you can work on your course when it suits you and at your own pace.
We are connected to many industry bodies and our staff participate in continuous improvement and learning activities to ensure that we are ahead of what learning is needed for the future.

Our courses are not accredited by the Australian Government. However many of our courses are recognised and held in high regard by many industry bodies.

Our courses are written by our staff, who all have many years experience and have qualifications in their speciality area. We have lots of academic staff who write and update our courses regularly.


How do I enrol my staff/ sponsored students?

Yes, you can do a request for a bulk enrolment and request an invoice on our Invoice Request Form

We can prepare an invoice, quote or proforma invoice. Simply complete your details on our Invoice Request form

We can arrange bulk discounts for your course enrolment, please get in touch with us to discuss your needs.

Yes, we have many students who are in locked facilities, such as prisons or hospitals. We can cater by also offering paper notes at an additional cost.


What if I have any more questions or need more information?

We can assist you to find the right course for your needs. Get in touch with us via email (admin@acs.edu.au) call on +61 7 5562 1088 or complete our course advice form.


What if I change my mind?

Please get in touch with studentservices@acs.edu.au if you would like to be removed from our mail list.

If you would like ACS Distance Education to delete your information at any time (whether you are a customer or a prospective customer), please contact our privacy officer and we will process this ( admin@acs.edu.au ).

If students require a reproduction of their certificate, an electronic copy can be provided at a cost of AUD$35 incl GST. Printed copies are not available.




Course Contributors

The following academics were involved in the development and/or updating of this course.

John Mason

Writer, Manager, Teacher and Businessman with over 40 years interenational experience covering Education, Publishing, Leisure Management, Education, and Horticulture. He has extensive experience both as a public servant, and as a small business owner.
John is a well respected member of many professional associations, and author of over seventy books and of over two thousand magazine articles.

Jacinda Cole

Former operations manager for highly reputable Landscape firm, The Chelsea Gardener, before starting her own firm. Jacinda has over 20 years of industry experience in Psychology, Landscaping, Publishing, Writing and Education. Jacinda has a B.Sc., Psych.Cert., M. Psych. Cert.Garden Design, MACA.

David Crothers

Extensive international experience in business and finance. Chartered Accountant with 20 years experience in corporate and financial roles. David has a FCA, GAICD, B.Sc.Econ (Hons), Cert IV TAA.





Tutors

Meet some of the tutors that guide the students through this course.

Julia Mayo-Ramsay

Dr Julia Mayo-Ramsay is a practicing environmental and agricultural lawyer. She holds a PhD in International Environmental Law, LLM, BLJS, GDLP, LLM (Environmental Law) and a Master of Applied Science (Agriculture).
Julia started out in agriculture working on various dairy farms in the 1980s before working as dairy manager / tutor at Hawkesbury Agricultural College Richmond NSW. Julia then went on to work at Riverina Artificial Breeders at Tabletop (Albury) NSW as an embryo transfer technician assisting vets with artificial breeding and embryo transfer in cattle, sheep and deer. This was followed by two years as a herd manager for a very large commercial dairy herd milking 3,000 cows over three dairies on the outskirts of Sydney before heading overseas. In 1994 Julia accepted a position in NE Thailand at the Sakhon Nakhon Institute of Technology (now a University) training farmers and students in cattle breeding and dairy farm management. On returning to Australia in late 1996 Julia completed a Master of Applied Science in Agriculture at Hawkesbury Agricultural College (UWS) as well as law degrees and maritime studies. Julia now works as a Lawyer in the area of environmental and rural law.
Currently Julia teaches a variety of maritime subjects for Marine Rescue NSW.
As well as teaching Julia is working on a number of environmental research projects.

Jenny Bragg

Jenny has experience across many different business areas including marketing, operations management and human resources, her specialty fields are events, hospitality and tourism. She has worked in a number of different service sector organisations including hotels, restaurants, bars and specialist event providers. Jenny is a trained teacher and has worked with different educational bodies in the UK, as well as providing a consultancy service to the business and events sector.

Tracey Jones

Tracey has over 20 years experience within the psychology and social work field, particularly working with people with learning disabilities. She is also qualified as a teacher and now teaches psychology and social work related subjects.

She is a book reviewer for the British Journal of Social Work. Tracey has also written a text book on Psychology and has had several short stories published.

Need Help?

Take advantage of our personalised, expert course counselling service to ensure you're making the best course choices for your situation.


I agree for ACS Distance Education to contact me and store my information until I revoke my approval. For more info, view our privacy policy.

>