Protected Plant Production

Protected cultivation involves growing plants in a sheltered or enclosed environment, for the purpose of improving plant growth. Structures used to protect crops range from cloches and conservatories in home gardens through to highly sophisticated commercial greenhouses. The structure may provide partial enclosure, as in a shade-house, or full enclosure, as in a fully automated and heated glasshouse.

Many types of crops are grown under cover utilizing a particular climate, whereas, they can be produced in the open in another climate type. Whether a particular plant is treated as a “protected crop” or not will depend on when and where you grow it, and what you hope to achieve from the production of the crop.

The crops produced in a protected environment can be ornamental – for the home garden and nursery; for the cut flower industry; or food crops for commercial production.  Types of plants include:

• Vegetables
• Fruits
• Herbs
• Cut Flowers
• Container Plants
• Bedding Plants
• Over- wintering cold-tender species
• Display plants

Lesson Structure

There are 10 lessons in this course:

1. Structures for Protected Cropping
   • Introduction
   • The greenhouse business
   • The greenhouse system
   • Components of a greenhouse facility
   • Deciding what you need
   • Siting a greenhouse
   • Suitability of different structures for specific cropping, depending on natural light transmission
   • Cleanliness in a greenhouse
   • Types of greenhouses
   • Construction method
   • Framing materials
   • Covering materials
   • Benches or beds
   • Flooring
   • Guttering
   • Doors
   • Ventilators
   • Common designs - venlo, wide span, multi span, mansard, polytunnel, saw tooth, single span, retractable roof
   • Relationship between shape and light transmission
   • Shade houses
   • Conservatories
   • Shade house design
   • Cold frames
2. Environmental Control
   • Introduction
   • Control of Environment
   • Measuring Environmental factors -natural light, growing media temperature. air temperature
   • Misting
   • Fog
   • Problems in Greenhouses
   • Heating and ventilation systems
   • Thermal screens
   • Insulation
   • Lighting equipment
   • Artificial light
   • Photosynthesis
   • Calvin Cycle Plants
   • Krantz Cycle Plants
   • Day length manipulation
   • Long day length plants
   • Short day length plants
   • Day length neutral plants
   • Heated propagators
   • Irrigation and nutrition control
   • Optimum temperature, humidity and light for selected plants
3. Cladding Materials and their properties
   • Factors affecting light transmission - shape and orientation
   • Covering materials
   • Corflute/Polyflute
   • PVC
   • Polycarbonate
   • Fibreglass
   • PVC Film
   • Reinforced PVC Film
   • Heat Insulation and Cost Effectiveness
   • Windbreaks
   • Light transmission properties
4. Irrigation
   • Nursery Irrigation
   • Irrigation Practices
   • Irrigation systems
   • Plant water needs, excess and deficiency
   • Automatic irrigation systems
   • Sprinkler types
   • Overheads watering
   • Flood benches
   • Capillary watering
   • Trickle irrigation
   • Pulse watering
   • Seep hoses
   • Watering cans
   • Water supply and quality
   • Liquid feed systems
   • Water treatment
   • Water sources
   • Scheduling irrigation
   • Water system maintenance
5. Nursery Nutrition and Soil Characteristics
   • Fertilisers in greenhouses
   • Diagnosing Nutritional problems
   • Nutrition management
   • Soils, media and nutrition
   • Pore space in soils and growing media
   • Percolation rates
   • Buffering capacity
   • Cation exchange capacity
   • Soil temperature
   • Soil pH
   • Laboratory testing
   • Soil sampling
   • Measuring pH and salinity
   • Fertiliser types
   • Applying fertilisers
   • Fertiliser problems
   • Applying liquid fertilisers
6. Relationship between Production techniques and Horticultural practices
   • What crops are grown under cover
   • Potting media
   • Potting mix components
   • Potting mix problems
   • Water repellency
   • U.C. Mixes
   • Knoxfield research
   • Potting mix standards
   • Propagation media
   • Pots and containers
   • Potting up plants
   • Transplanting between pots
   • Perched water tables
   • Production of different crops
   • Tomato production
   • Lettuce production
   • Potted begonias
   • Carnations
   • Greenhouse roses
   • Hydroponics
   • Propagation methods -overview
   • Plant hormones
   • Planting and crop establishment
7. Greenhouse Management: Pests and diseases
   • Fungi
   • Common fungal problems
   • Chemical and cultural control of disorders
   • Legislation & labels
   • Biological and integrated pest management
   • Beneficial agents
   • Economic thresholds
   • How pest and disease may be introduced to a greenhouse
   • Identifying major problems -viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes
   • Pests
   • How to determine the problem
   • Conducting an inspection
8. Harvest and Post Harvest Technology
   • Stage of growth for harvesting
   • Shelf life
   • Post harvest treatments
   • Grading
   • Cut flowers
   • Conditioning for market
   • Marketing at a wholesale market
   • Culture & management requirements for selected greenhouse crops
   • Harvest & post harvest for different orchids
   • Transport and storage of flowers
   • Post harvest requirements of mushrooms
   • Grading systems
   • Mechanised grading
   • Fruit grading
9. Greenhouse Plants
   • What is suited to growing in a greenhouse
   • Growing specific crops
   • Growing lilies in a greenhouse
   • Growing roses in a greenhouse
   • Growing tomatoes in a greenhouse
10. Risk Assessment
    • Identifying risk in a workplace
    • Safe work practices with clothing and equipment
    • Workplace policy
    • Identifying hazards
    • Risk control methods
    • Risk assessment for protected crop production
    • Manual lifting
    • How to lift safely
    • Using machines for heavy work -including cultivation
    • Cleaning and sharpening tools

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school's tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.

Aims

• Describe and Evaluate the type and shape of modern growing structures
• Describe and evaluate environmental controls in protected cropping
• Explain the nature of solar radiation, transmission properties of glass and its substitutes
• Determine the water requirements of a crop; and methods of irrigation.
• Relate horticultural principles to the production and harvesting of a range of crops.
• Evaluate the factors involved in marketing protected crops
• Evaluate the factors involved in marketing protected crops
• Undertake risk assessment for a protected crop

What You Will Do

• Identify the main types of growing structure
• Relate use of structures to shape and type of construction
• Identify the range of environmental factors controlled within a growing structure
• Describe the use of the equipment used to measure and monitor these factors
• Name and describe a range of types of environmental controls
• Evaluate the use of IT facilities for environmental control
• Describe the meaning of “daylight” and explain the role of sunlight and diffused light
• Relate time of year to the quantity and quality of available light
• Evaluate how the shape and orientation of a structure will affect light transmission
• Assess the effectiveness of glass and cladding alternatives for light transmission
• Describe the durability and insulation properties of glass and alternative materials
• Select and describe appropriate systems of irrigation for plants grown in a situation
• Select and describe appropriate systems of irrigation for container grown plants
• Specify and evaluate systems for incorporating plant nutrients into the irrigation water
• Explain the effects of environmental control on a range of plants
• Relate the essential features necessary for successful plant establishment and development to their underlying scientific principles.
• Describe the production of a range of crops
• State the optimum stage of growth for harvesting a range of crops
• Describe the harvesting systems for protected crops
• Explain how shelf life can be affected by pre and post harvesting treatment of the crop
• State the factors to be considered when marketing crops
• Evaluate alternative marketing outlets
• Relate packaging & presentation to marketing
• Assess benefits to the grower and customer, of grading a crop before marketing
• Determine elements of risk in the practical operations associated with protected plant production.
• Identify safe working practices

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How to Grow Plants Using Protected Environments

Even if you live outside of the tropics, you can grow tropical plants with the aid of structures that alter plant growing conditions. If you want to grow summer vegetables outside of summer; you can do that using similar protected environments.

Greenhouses, shadehouses, pergolas, conservatories, cold frames and cloches are all useful structures for providing protection from weather extremes for tender plants. Such structures are commonly used to grow plants from the tropics and sub-tropics in cooler climate areas, or in areas where there is insufficient shade (e.g. growing rainforest understorey plants without the protection of upper storey plants).

For convenience in a cold climate, nothing beats a conservatory ‑ a glasshouse attached to the house, on the north or east side. A conservatory or greenhouses will allow you to:‑

• Propagate new plants
• Grow plants in cooler climatic conditions than what they would usually tolerate.
• Protect plants which are cold or frost sensitive over winter
• Protect plants from wind, hail and pests
• Grow vegetables, cut flowers or berry fruits out of season, or faster than might be achieved outside.

This is great if you don't feel like walking to a greenhouse at the bottom of the garden in the rain. Conservatories are popular in colder climates like Europe, because even if it is cold and windy outside, as long as the sun is shining, it is pleasant to sit in a warm conservatory and dream of tropical islands. However, conservatories can be expensive to construct and a bay window or even a sunny window sill can be used to grow some parsley or other herbs. Conservatories can be covered with blinds or shadecloth in summer, (or grow beans on a trellis just in front of it) and in winter kept open to the house to warm it up.

 

GREENHOUSES

Greenhouses or glasshouses provide permanent protected growing areas, and are usually sited independently of other buildings. When planning a greenhouse consider the following:

Site

•  Is the site on a slope or flat. Too steep a site will make it impossible to build the greenhouse unless it is stepped.
•  Is the site in sun or shade. A natural windbreak will also be useful, but take care to avoid shading the greenhouse.
•  Does the greenhouse require a concrete base?
•  What sort of soil is the greenhouse going to be built on. A sandy soil will give good drainage from any watering, but a clay soil will not. You may need to install a drainage system before construction.
•  If you decide to build a greenhouse at the bottom of the garden it is a good idea to at least partially obscure it with climbers on a trellis, or behind some shrubs. A greenhouse can tend to dominate, and ruin an otherwise carefully designed garden. Care should be taken with your choice of screen, as a heavily shaded glasshouse will not be suitable for growing plants.

Cost

• How much are you prepared to spend? The cost will vary depending upon materials, design and location.

Orientation

• Which way should the greenhouse be sited, either north ‑ south or east west? A greenhouse that is sited with it's ridge running east to west is best, but this may be a fact which is governed by the space that you have available.

Water Supply

• All of your plants will need watering and you do not want to be carting huge amounts of water over long distances to the glasshouse. A water supply within the greenhouse would be ideal.

Electrical Power

• If you are planning to automate some of the functions of your greenhouse, or provide electrical heating, a power supply will be essential. A greenhouse will be a damp place, so it is important that all electrical connections are made by a registered electrician.

Future expansion

• Although your new greenhouse may seem vast when it is first erected, you may find that in a few years time you need to expand it. So a design that allows for expansion may well prove useful.

Framing Materials

• Metal   Aluminium frames are popular because they resist rusting. Galvanised iron or steel are also used, though over time corrosion can become a problem. Glass works well with metal, however PVC film and other plastics can deteriorate if in direct contact with metal (e.g: metal will get very hot in summer sections of PVC film touching it will crack or tear much sooner than parts not in contact).
• Timber   Timber does not heat up like metal, however it will rot, particularly in the humid environment of a greenhouse. Some treated timbers will last for many years, but it is important to check that the materials used in treating the wood are non‑toxic to plants. Pests such as mealy bug may also breed in timber.
• Greenhouses are commonly covered with glass, polythene or polyflute. Other alternatives include polycarbonate sheeting, fiberglass and others. All have advantages and disadvantages:

Covering materials.

• Glass ‑ very long lasting, strong, expensive. Excellent light transmission and holds heat in well. Looks good.
• Polyflute, corflute ‑ medium life span, quite strong, moderately expensive. Poor light transmission, good insulation. Tends to collect dust. Easy to build with.
• Polycarbonate ‑ Long lasting, very strong, expensive. Available in clear or smoky grey sheets, corrugated or 'Grecca' style. Excellent light transmission, flexible and easy to work with. Collects dust. Looks good.
• Fibreglass ‑ tends to collect dust, and become brittle and yellow with age, generally not as good as alternatives. Green corrugated sheets are no good for growing plants under.
• Polythene ‑ short life span, changed every three to five years in most cases. Relatively cheap in the short term. Inclined to form condensation on the inside which causes dripping (on plants and you), and leads to heat loss. Not as well insulated as glass, occasionally used as a double cover to improve insulation, but some light is lost. Good light transmission but some brands become yellow with age. Strength and durability and brittleness depends on brand, with some incorporating woven thread for strength. Can flap noisily in the wind and is not particularly good to look at. Polyhouses are better sealed than glasshouses and tend to get hotter than glasshouses, and more humid, which makes them less comfortable for some plants and people.

What to Grow in Conservatories and Greenhouses?

This is of course largely a matter of personal preference and the range of plants that you can grow will be only controlled by the limitations of your conservatory or greenhouse. Temperature will be a deciding factor as to the choice of your plants, and you need to decide on what temperature you are going to have as a constant in the greenhouse.

Temperature control

If you want to control the temperature in your building, you can do this in a number of ways.

• The sun will warm the structure during the day, and the degree of warming will depend upon the time of the year, time of day and weather conditions that day.
  
  
• Heaters can be used to add to the heat in the house. The heater must have the ability to replace heat at the same rate at which it is being lost to the outside.
  
  
• Vents and doors can be opened to let cool air into the house, or closed to stop warm air from escaping.
  
  
• Shade cloth can be drawn over the house to stop the warm sun penetrating it. Whitewash can also be applied to the glass to give the same effect. The whitewash used is usually one that lasts the summer but will wash off with weathering to allow the penetration of warming light in the winter.
  
  
• Fans can be used to lower temperature.
  
  
• Watering or mist systems will also lower temperature.
  
  

Benching

If you intend to grow pot plants in a greenhouse, you probably need some benches. Benches enable you to raise plants off of the greenhouse floor, keeping them away from disease and often in better light. A tiered system of benches usually provides more useable space than if you were to only use the floor. Benches can be made out of metal, wood or plastic, and are usually either slatted or solid in construction. The surface of a bench should drain freely. Wooden benches if not treated with preservative can rot, and may become infested with pests such as ants or mealy bug. Capillary matting (ie. a continually moist, absorbent material, sold by some greenhouse companies) will help reduce the need for watering if used on a bench, to sit pots on.
 

PERGOLAS

Pergolas are structures built to provide shade and shelter. They can produce a cool humid environment preferred by ferns and many tropical tree seedlings; or can be covered with water proof material to prevent rainfall thereby reducing humidity, increasing heat and producing a more arid situation.

Pergolas usually consist of a roof supported by posts and/or walls of an adjacent building, with the sides open or enclosed. The roof is commonly made from beams covered by something to filter the sunlight while still allowing rain to penetrate. Pergolas are commonly constructed over a path, patio or verandah so as to increase the useable area of the land for living space or plant growing. They may be attached to or between buildings. In the southern hemisphere, pergolas are normally attached to the north side of the house to provide shade in the heat of the day. In warmer climates a pergola can also be very useful on the east and west sides of your house where the morning and afternoon sun can be more of a problem than the high midday sun.

There are three parts to a pergola:
1. The posts (uprights)
2. Roofing framework
3. Covering material (not always used).

Posts and roofing framework are usually made from timber. Metal is sometimes used. In most situations, a height of 2.5 metres is ideal for pergolas.

Covering Materials

The covering material is very important as it will effect the amount of light, or shade, that the plants will receive. A solid cover creates a more shaded, cooler area, but restricts rainwater moving through. Plants under a pergola may need more watering.

The main choices in coverings are:

a. Growing Plants

• The combination of foliage, flower, scent and colour provide a sense of continual change and freshness.
• Regular pruning may be necessary to remove growth hanging too low, or spreading beyond the pergola.
• Avoid plants that may damage an attached building (eg. Ivy) or block guttering.
• Deciduous climbers will let light through during winter (when bare of leaves), but provide coolness and shade in summer.

b. Brush (cut foliage for plants)

• Brush can be purchased in bundles or slabs, or cut yourself (do not cut it from the bush though) from plants like Melaleuca and tea tree.
• It can in some cases carry disease and may be readily flammable if lit.
• Soft wooded plants are rarely any good as brush.
• Water moves in an irregular way through brush, creating heavy dripping in some places.

c. Shadecloth

• Shadecloth comes in a variety of degrees of shade.
• Lasts for a very long time.
• Needs to be well supported by beams and slats, or it will sag, forming low spots which collect leaves and other rubbish.

d. Timber slats

• Timber slats or battens give an optimum cooling effect if run in a north-south direction.
• All timber needs to be treated to extend life.

e. PVC or Fibreglass sheet

• Sheeting must have a slope to move rainwater. It is normal to slope the roof away from buildings or pathways, to keep those areas free of water.
• A collection system or guttering may be used at the bottom of the roof, and take it to a drain.
   
   

SHADEHOUSES

Covering material of shadehouses has been primarily with the use of bamboo or wooden slats, or shade cloth.

Shadecloth colours are now available in:

• Green ‑ although it may look good in the garden, it is the least desirable colour as the plants do not photosynthesis effectively under this colour cloth.
• Black ‑ very popular and is perhaps the colour which is least noticeable.
• Brown ‑ fits in well with rustic and colonial style homes and with native bush gardens.
• Sandstone ‑ may be in keeping with the colour of the bricks or roof tiles of a house.
• Pale blue and white ‑ go well with white houses and swimming pools. White shade cloth is good for growing plants, as they are protected but still grow in bright conditions, as the light is reflected and dispersed as it passes through.

In warmer climates, darker coloured shade cloth will have more of a cooling affect than the lighter colours.

Shadecloth is available in a range of shade strengths, ie. 50% and 70%. Stronger cloth is better in warm hot areas for the growing of more tender plants. 50% shade cloth is good for most other plants especially orchids and other flowering plants.

Shade cloth can also be used as a windbreak substance.

Pergolas and shade houses are ideal for growing ferns, azaleas and orchids. They can also be used to grow rainforest plants like gingers, monstera, philodendrons and cunjevoi; or frost/heat sensitive plants such as fuchsias, impatiens and begonias.
 

AFTER STUDY

How can doing this course help you? It gives you the fundamental knowledge to run a greenhouse or to work in the field. A lot of crop growing these days is done under cover - if you have this fundamental knowledge you are well-placed to gain entry into this industry or to start up your own business.