Soil Management (Horticulture)

Learn good soil management as a basis of successful horticulture. Understand the physical and chemical characteristics of soils and how to evaluate, manage and improve soils.

Course Code: BHT105
Fee Code: S2
Duration (approx) Duration (approx) 100 hours
Qualification
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LEARN TO MANAGE SOILS: KEEP SOIL HEALTHY TO GROW HEALTHY PLANTS

All soils are not equal - soil types and soil condition can vary within a matter of metres. Understand how to recognise different soil types and conditions and how this affects plant growth. Good soil conditions are critical to the healthy growth of most plants.

Learn why good soil management is the basis of successful horticulture. Understand the physical properties of soils and the chemical processes which influence soil fertility and a soil's ability to grow healthy plants. This knowledge then helps you to a decide on soil treatments that are right for the soil conditions.

Over eight lessons this course will develop an understanding of physical and chemical properties of soils, the ability to carry out simple tests and determine soil characteristics, and to decide ways of treating a soil to improve its ability to grow plants.

The course is specifically designed for:

  • Ornamental gardens

  • Landscaping

  • Container growing

  • Turf situations

“It may be obvious to most that healthy soils produce healthy plants, but what is a healthy soil when it comes to crop production? This course goes deep into the chemical and physical aspects of soil composition, testing, and management to provide the student with the necessary skills to manipulate soils for optimal crop yields.” - Gavin Cole B.Sc., Psych.Cert., Cert.Garden Design, MACA, ACS Tutor.

YOU CAN'T GROW PLANTS WELL WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING SOIL

Good soil conditions are critical to the healthy growth of most plants. Over eight lessons this course will develop an understanding of physical and chemical properties of soils, the ability to carry out simple tests and determine soil characteristics, and to decide ways of treating a soil to improve its ability to grow plants.

The course is specifically designed for ornamental gardens, landscaping, container growing, and turf situations.

“It may be obvious to most that healthy soils produce healthy plants, but what is a healthy soil when it comes to crop production? This course goes deep into the chemical and physical aspects of soil composition, testing, and management to provide the student with the necessary skills to manipulate soils for optimal crop yields.” - Gavin Cole B.Sc., Psych.Cert., Cert.Garden Design, MACA, ACS Tutor. 

THE TUTORS

  • Learn from an international team or renowned horticultural experts led by John Mason, Fellow Institute of Horticulture (UK), Fellow Australian Institute of Horticulture, Fellow Parks and Leisure Australia.  John is also a former nurseryman, parks director, and is one of the most prolific gardening authors from Australia -many of his books being used by other schools and universities to teach horticulture across Australia and beyond.
  • A unique opportunity to connect and learn from our international faculty that includes Rosemary Davies (formerly Garden Advisory Service, and Age Garden Writer, Melbourne),  Maggi Brown (former Education officer for Garden Organic, UK), Gavin Cole (former Operations Manager for the Chelsea Gardener, London), and Dr Lyn Morgan (renowned Hydroponic expert from New Zealand); and a host of other equally qualified professionals.

See profiles of our faculty at https://www.acs.edu.au/about-us/staff/default.aspx

 

Lesson Structure

There are 8 lessons in this course:

  1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils
    • How soils develop
    • The main rock forming minerals: silicates, carbonates, oxides and sulphates
    • Types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
    • Denitrification, immobilisation, mineralisation and ammonium fixation
    • Understanding soil function: plant nutrition, support, water and air supply
    • Naming a soil
    • Improving soils for plant culture
    • Organic matter
    • Plant nutrition
    • Nutrient availability and pH
    • Cation exchange capacity
    • Conductivity
    • Salinity build up
    • The nutrient elements
    • Major elements and minor elements
    • Total salts
    • Diagnosing nutrient problems
    • Fertilisers
    • Composting
  2. Soil and Plant Tissue Test Methods
    • Soil sampling
    • Common soil tests: pH, texture, structure, etc
    • Tissue analysis
    • Different methods od measuring pH
    • Water content of soil
    • Fertiliser solubility
    • Testing the effect of lime
    • Laboratory testing of soils
    • Measuring salinity
    • Colorimeters
    • Bulk density
    • Understanding soil analysis
    • Deciding when and how to test
  3. Soil Science and Health
    • Organic carbon
    • Available phosphorus
    • Soil colour
    • Texture and its affect on plant growth
    • Structure and its affect on plant growth
    • Consistence: affect on plant growth
    • Depth of profile, pH, porosity and other things affecting plant growth
    • Soil classification and description: different horizons
    • Factors affecting soil formation: parent material, climate, ecosystem, etc
    • Weathering processes in soil formation: physical, chemical, geochemical
    • Pedochemical weathering
  4. Container Growing
    • Introduction
    • What to grow
    • Problems with containers
    • Care of containers
    • Comparing materials: plastics, terracotta, fibreglass, etc
    • Aesthetics of containers
    • Potting up
    • Potting mixes
    • Ideas for container gardens
    • History of potting mixes
    • UC mixes
    • Soilless mixes
    • Testing for toxins in potting media
    • Propagating media
    • Problems with Organic materials in media
    • Coir
    • Rockwool
    • Components of potting media
    • Cleanliness with soils and potting media
    • Hydroponics
  5. Land Degradation and Other Soil Problems
    • Chemical damage to soil
    • Builders rubbish in soils
    • Salinity
    • Dogs or cats urinating
    • Growing plants in dry areas
    • Soil degradation
    • Erosion
    • Salinity
    • Acidification
    • Compaction
    • Chemical residues
  6. Soil Management Applications
    • Aims of soil management
    • Soil management in orchards
    • Fertilizer application
    • Soil covers
    • Soil management for Vegetables
  7. Organic Techniques and Soil Management
    • What is organic growing
    • Organic principles for overcoming soil problems
    • Natural plant nutrition
    • Trace elements
    • Earthworms
    • Types of mulch and its use
    • Nutrition management in a plant nursery
    • Applying liquid fertilizers
    • Organic fertilizers
    • Natural fertilizers
    • Mineral rock fertilizers and soil conditioners
    • Apatite phosphate rock
    • Dolomite
    • Gypsum
    • Soil management in market gardens
    • Crop rotation
    • Determining kind and quantity of fertilizer to use
    • Cover crops
  8. Soils and Managing Earthworks
    • Eath forming
    • Machinery
    • Creating mounds
    • Sources of "fill"
    • Drainage
    • Improving drainage
    • Improving surface drainage after construction
    • Designing a drainage system
    • Improving permeability during construction
    • Layout of drains
    • Types of drains

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school's tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.

Aims

  • Describe the significance of different physical and chemical properties of soil, in relation to the growing of plants.
  • Extract samples of soil, appropriate to different situations; and then conduct a range of simple tests to determine varying characteristics of the sample taken.
  • Explain characteristics of a soil, scientifically; and relate those characteristics to the capacity of a soil to grow plants.
  • Recommend appropriate selection and management of potting and other alternative media for growing plants in containers.
  • Diagnose and recommend the treatment of a variety of soil degradation problemsUnderstanding of the principles of sustainable soil management
  • Determine appropriate management programs for different soils in horticultural situations.
  • Recommend soil management practices which are not going to cause a degradation of soil quality.
  • Explain the methods used in managing earthworks in a way which is sensitive to soil condition.

What You Will Do

  • Identify evaluate soil structural problems in the field
  • Build a compost heap and monitor its decomposition process
  • Perform simple experiments to evaluate fertilisation rates and methods
  • Define and describe soil properties and processes
  • Perform simple tests and field analyses on soil
  • Identify nutrient deficiencies
  • Evaluate the attributes of various mulches
  • Analyse the impacts of earthworks and earth working machinery on soil and landscape
  • Analyse the effects of different soil management methods.
  • Identify soil and land degradation
  • Propagate and grow plants in containers
  • Identify and evaluate soil degradation minimisation programs and methods

Why Study Soils?

Soils are the foundation of all horticulture.
Plants get nutrition and water from the soil, and the better the soil, the more able they are to grow.

Soils are a mixture of components; different types of particles (eg. sand, clay, organic matter), air pockets, water and living organisms (eg.bacteria, earthworms). The roots of plants then grow in amongst all of these components. The world below the soil surface is a complex ecosystem, that sometimes helps plants grow at their very best; and at other times can inhibit plant growth, cause disease to flourish, and even cause the decline and death of plants.

The more that you are able to understand all of this, the more you will be able to cultivate plants effectively.

 
Do You Understand the Terminology?

Ameliorant

soil improvers i.e. lime, dolomite, gypsum, trace elements etc

Acid soil

Soil with a reaction below pH7 (having more hydrogen ions over hydroxyl ions)

Aeration

When air in the soil is replaced by air from the atmosphere

Aggregates

groups of particles of sand, silt clay and humus within the soil held in a single unit as a clod, crumb, block or prism

Agronomy

The science of soil management and crop production

Air-dry

When the soil is as dry as the surrounding air making it impervious to water

Alkaline soil

soil that has a pH value of greater then pH7

Alluvial soils

Soils of a recent geological age made up of sand, silt and mud that have been deposited by rivers or floods

Clay soils

Soil material containing more than 40% clay less than 45% sand and less than 40% silt

Clay pan

Compacted area which is slowly permeable to water can be of variable thickness with a sub-soil of vastly higher clay content then the soil above it; usually hard when dry and sticky when wet

Clod

A compact, easily broken up mass of soil that has usually been created through the use of tillage on overly wet or dry soil

Crumbs

soft, porous structures of soil that are naturally occurring and about 1 to 5mm in diameter

Crust

a surface layer on soil that can vary in thickness from a few millimetres to several centimetres and is harder and more brittle when dry then the underlying soil.

Dolomite

a limestone source having significant magnesium content

Erosion

the removal of the land surface by wind, water, corrosion or gravity

Friable

refers to the a soil moisture consistency that crumbles when handled

Green Manure

a crop that is ploughed into the ground while still green to improve the soil.

Heavy Soil

A soil with a high content of clay or one that is difficult to cultivate without high powered equipment

Light Soil

Sandy soils which are easy to cultivate

Loam

refers to a specific textural class of soils that have prescribed amounts of clay, silt and sand

Organic soil

a soil that contains a high (more than 20%) amount of organic matter

Ped

a unit of soil structure such as a crumb, block, aggregate prism or granule that has been formed by natural processes.

Particles

sand, silt, clay and humus are all individual particles within the soil

Percolation

the movement, downwards of water through the soil

pH

measure of alkalinity or acidity of the soil

Porosity

the amount of air passages (pores) in the soil

Saline soils

soil containing soluble salts in a concentration sufficient to weaken (or impair) plant growth.

Sod

the top 3-7cm of soil held together by grass or legume roots

Soil Structure

the arrangement of primary soil particles into peds etc. within the soil, (the manner in which the smaller particles i.e. sand, silt, clay are aggregated.

Soil Texture

the relative percentages of sand, silt and clay in the soil

Subsoil

that part of the soil that lies below the topsoil but above the bedrock

Tension, soil moisture

The attraction with which water is held to soil particles; negative pressure of water in soil

This course will help you to understand  not only what these words mean, but also their relevance to plant growth.

 

AFTER COMPLETING YOUR COURSE

If you already work in farming, horticulture or land management; this course will have obvious advantages.

For anyone new to these fields though, this course may prove to be one of the most useful studies you ever undertake. It can help you  make far better informed choices about land you buy (or lease); and better decisions about how that land is managed. If you seek employment in horticulture, it will enhance your value to employers, and if you encounter soil problems in the future, it will put you in a much better position to solve such problems before they get out of hand.
Principal of ACS Distance Education, John Mason, is fellow of the CIH.
Principal of ACS Distance Education, John Mason, is fellow of the CIH.
Member of Study Gold Coast Education Network.
Member of Study Gold Coast Education Network.
ACS Global Partner - Affiliated with colleges in seven countries around the world.
ACS Global Partner - Affiliated with colleges in seven countries around the world.
Member Nursery and Garden Industry Association.
Member Nursery and Garden Industry Association.
ACS is a Silver Sponsor of the AIH; and students studying designated courses are given free student membership. ACS and it's principal have had an association with AIH since the 1980's
ACS is a Silver Sponsor of the AIH; and students studying designated courses are given free student membership. ACS and it's principal have had an association with AIH since the 1980's

How can I start this course?

You can enrol at anytime and start the course when you are ready. Enrolments are accepted all year - students can commence study at any time. All study is self paced and ACS does not set assignment deadlines.

Please note that if a student is being assisted by someone else (e.g. an employer or government subsidy), the body offering the assistance may set deadlines. Students in such situations are advised to check with their sponsor prior to enrolling. The nominal duration of a course is approximately how long a course takes to complete. A course with a nominal duration of 100 hours is expected to take roughly 100 hours of study time to complete. However, this will vary from student to student. Short courses (eg. 100 hrs duration) should be completed within 12 months of enrolment. Certificates, Advanced Certificates and Awards (eg. over 500 hours duration) would normally be completed within 3 -5 years of enrolment. Additional fees may apply if a student requires an extended period to complete.
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Course Contributors

The following academics were involved in the development and/or updating of this course.

Diana Cole

B.A. (Hons), Dip. Horticulture, BTEC Dip. Garden Design, Diploma Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development, PTLLS (Preparing to Teach in the Life Long Learning Sector), P.D.C.
In addition to the qualifications listed above, Diana holds City & Guild construction qualifications and an NPTC pesticide spraying licence (PA1/PA6). Diana runs her own landscape gardening business (Arbella Gardens). Active in many organisations including the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.

Jacinda Cole (Horticulturist)

B.Sc., Cert.Garden Design. Landscape Designer, Operations Manager, Consultant, Garden Writer.
She was operations manager for a highly reputable British Landscape firm (The Chelsea Gardener) before starting up her own landscaping firm. She spent three years working in our Gold Coast office, as a tutor and writer for Your Backyard (gardening magazine) which we produced monthly for a Sydney punlisher between 1999 and 2003. Since then, Jacinda has contributed regularly to many magazines, co authored several gardening books and is currently one of the "garden experts" writing regularly for the "green living" magazine "Home Grown".

John Mason (Horticulturist)

Parks Manager, Nurseryman, Landscape Designer, Garden Writer and Consultant.
Over 40 years experience; working in Victoria, Queensland and the UK.
He is one of the most widely published garden writers in the world.

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Our Students Say

In my role within a large Aged Care Facility a great deal of my employment is spent in the area of Turf management and garden care/refurbishment. With ACS I was able to study at my own pace allowing me to put into practise and thoroughly research the subject matter broadening my knowledge and study experience further. I enjoyed the way in which the subject matter was presented as it allowed you to study each subject further, allowing for greater depth, clarity and knowledge.
Overall there are not many areas in which the course subject matter will not turn out to be invaluable, everything is covered to allow you to become successful within your own business or place of employment. A big thank you to Gavin Cole [tutor] and all at ACS. It was a pleasure to study with ACS, look forward to further study.

- Craig Ledbury
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